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affiliation of persons who want to belong to it. The Labor Departments may, and in '32 had in some cases, set up small activities, both in the State Labor Departments and at the federal level, in which if there was a strike in an organized trade or factory, they would attempt to mediate it or settle it. That was all. There were occasionally strikes in places that were not organized at all, but that was the rarity. It was usually a union strike.

Labor means manual work. That's all. “He does labor work,” you hear people say, by which they mean, he does manual work. “He's a laboring man,” by which they mean he is a manual worker. Labor means work and that's all!

Where and at what time in the American short-cut semantics “labor,” which means “work,” came to mean organized trade union members, I don't know. I don't think it's that it became confused with political philosophy. I think it was a short-cut semantic method. I don't care if the books say that it was philosophy. It wasn't. The books are wrong. It was a short-cut word. You meant not only one trade union, the carpenters' union, and then another trade union, the book binders' union, you meant all of the people, or a considerable number of the people, who had already chosen to be organized into these special trade unions. You meant them all together. That was called trade