Branching parameters
§BMP4 may prevent proximal type differentiation, allowing cells to accept signals for distal development.
§TTF1 and HNF3B may promote differentiation towards surfactant producing cells.
§Shh may induce proliferation and differentiation in mesenchyme and inhibit epithelial proliferation signals (FGF10).
§TGF-B may induce extracellular matrix production, which in turn may further anchor and stabilize epithelial cells.