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family as the first line of defense. And so it was. They would take the bread out of their own ovens, the soup off their own stoves, the blankets off their own beds and go to the relief of a neighbor who was in distress. You never heard of anybody else doing that. If you asked middle class people for their blankets, they'd say, “Why, I can't spare any. We have just enough.” That was in disaster times when there was a big fire, let's say, that burned out a whole tenement. One observed that.

So this fixation that the old labor group had that labor people were better than others, more generous, kinder, more likely to be honest and never wanting to beat down the faces of the poor had some support in my observations. But, of course, this was just the beginning of the spread of the doctrine, which spread among a number of American industrialists - and Tom Watson of IBM gave at least lip service to it - that good working conditions paid. If you paid well, worked good hours, didn't have fatigued people, had good sanitary conditions, and above all had what later came to be called “paternalistic” provisions for recreation, health and that sort of thing, you got a fine, loyal, competent, efficient working force. Your production kept up. Out of that high and accurate production, with interested and devoted workers, you got a profit beyond what you would get if you just went