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scholars of the church, until after the Quadragesimo anno. The Quadragesimo was taken up by groups that by that time had become Catholic social action groups. I don't know whether the word “action” was used, but the Commonweal Group and such groups were coming into action.

Father John Ryan had also been operating all these years. He read the Rerum novarum and it just suited him. He used to say to me, “You know, I never contributed to that Rerum novarum. I wasn't asked to. I was just a scrub priest. But it just suited me. It's just what I believe.” He had a hard time getting people to listen to him. He really was a scrub priest. He never got into the purple or got recognition from the church until after the New Deal came in. There was a celebration one night on account of the fact that he had been made a Monsignor. I sat beside him at the dinner they gave for him and said to him, “I congratulate you, Father Ryan, on this recognition. It's wonderful.”

He said, “I had to wait for the New Deal to get me into the purple.”

He had been almost a voice crying in the wilderness in the church for years about the social obligations and the Christian obligation with regard to the modern type of labor and industrial problems. He had read the Rerum novarum.