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You still had the Shirtwaist Workers' Union. You still had the Ladies' Coatmakers Union. You still had the Coat and Suit Makers. These were all regular unions, but they were unfederated. The were in trades - the trade was the shirtwaist workers, the coat and suit workers. It was a different trade for each one. You don't have the same skill to make a lady's cloak as you do a lady's shirtwaist. There were the underwear workers. There were the dressmakers, which were a completely different union.

The present International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union is an affiliated and federated union. The cloak workers, the suit workers, the dressmakers, the shirtwaist makers, the underwear makers, and whatever else you have, were formed originally separately and then after one of the big rows of some sort they were all brought together into this federation, which brought Dubinsky to the top. I can't say when Dubinsky emerged.

Some of my early recollections of him are of his coming and storming around that “such and such had locked out the girls. It was terrible. We ought to look into it. Some other firm was paying below the union scale of wages.” There was a tremendous amount of running in to report that the women were working overtime, and why didn't the factory inspectors discover it? He was one of our principal